The cosmos

Realms & Cosmic Worlds.

Enter divine abodes, celestial spheres, subterranean worlds and cosmic landscapes.

52 profiles

The Cosmic Ocean Reveals Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva, style of Sajnu, Mandi, Panjab Hills, North India, 1835; opaque watercolor and gold on paper, San Diego Museum of Art 1990.136 (source-page catalog metadata).Archival contextRealm

Judgement realms

Asipatravana

The sword-leaf forest is a named Naraka in Puranic accounts, using a distinctive image of consequence.

Reference archive
The Cosmic Ocean Reveals Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva, style of Sajnu, Mandi, Panjab Hills, North India, 1835; opaque watercolor and gold on paper, San Diego Museum of Art 1990.136 (source-page catalog metadata).Archival contextRealm

Lower lokas

Atala

The first of the seven subterranean worlds in the Bhagavata arrangement, associated with Bala, son of Maya.

Reference archive
The Cosmic Ocean Reveals Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva, style of Sajnu, Mandi, Panjab Hills, North India, 1835; opaque watercolor and gold on paper, San Diego Museum of Art 1990.136 (source-page catalog metadata).Archival contextRealm

Judgement realms

Avichi

Avichi is a named Naraka in the Bhagavata judgement account; lists and details differ across traditions.

Reference archive
The Cosmic Ocean Reveals Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva, style of Sajnu, Mandi, Panjab Hills, North India, 1835; opaque watercolor and gold on paper, San Diego Museum of Art 1990.136 (source-page catalog metadata).Archival contextRealm

Lower lokas

Bhogavati

Bhogavati is a named Naga city in epic traditions; its relation to broader Naga-world geography is account dependent.

Reference archive
The Cosmic Ocean Reveals Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva, style of Sajnu, Mandi, Panjab Hills, North India, 1835; opaque watercolor and gold on paper, San Diego Museum of Art 1990.136 (source-page catalog metadata).Archival contextRealm

Upper lokas

Bhurloka

The terrestrial world in the seven-upper-loka scheme; not a single city or temple.

Reference archive
The Cosmic Ocean Reveals Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva, style of Sajnu, Mandi, Panjab Hills, North India, 1835; opaque watercolor and gold on paper, San Diego Museum of Art 1990.136 (source-page catalog metadata).Archival contextRealm

Upper lokas

Bhuvarloka

The intermediate region between the terrestrial world and the celestial sphere in the seven-loka model.

Reference archive
The Cosmic Ocean Reveals Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva, style of Sajnu, Mandi, Panjab Hills, North India, 1835; opaque watercolor and gold on paper, San Diego Museum of Art 1990.136 (source-page catalog metadata).Archival contextRealm

Celestial abodes

Chandraloka

The lunar sphere associated with Chandra or Soma and with ancestral or merit-based paths in differing sources.

Reference archive
The Cosmic Ocean Reveals Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva, style of Sajnu, Mandi, Panjab Hills, North India, 1835; opaque watercolor and gold on paper, San Diego Museum of Art 1990.136 (source-page catalog metadata).Realm

Cosmic geography

Cosmic Ocean

The cosmic waters appear in creation and dissolution accounts; different named oceans should not be reduced to one identical place.

Reference archive
The Cosmic Ocean Reveals Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva, style of Sajnu, Mandi, Panjab Hills, North India, 1835; opaque watercolor and gold on paper, San Diego Museum of Art 1990.136 (source-page catalog metadata).Archival contextRealm

Celestial abodes

Dhruvaloka

The abiding station associated with Dhruva’s devotional attainment and the cosmic axis.

Reference archive
The Cosmic Ocean Reveals Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva, style of Sajnu, Mandi, Panjab Hills, North India, 1835; opaque watercolor and gold on paper, San Diego Museum of Art 1990.136 (source-page catalog metadata).Archival contextRealm

Celestial abodes

Gandharvaloka

A realm-name associated with Gandharvas and celestial music; no single universal map position is asserted.

Reference archive
The Cosmic Ocean Reveals Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva, style of Sajnu, Mandi, Panjab Hills, North India, 1835; opaque watercolor and gold on paper, San Diego Museum of Art 1990.136 (source-page catalog metadata).Archival contextRealm

Supreme abodes

Goloka

Krishna’s supreme pastoral abode is especially prominent in later Vaishnava and Gaudiya traditions.

Reference archive
The Cosmic Ocean Reveals Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva, style of Sajnu, Mandi, Panjab Hills, North India, 1835; opaque watercolor and gold on paper, San Diego Museum of Art 1990.136 (source-page catalog metadata).Archival contextRealm

Celestial abodes

Indraloka

Indra’s celestial court and Amaravati form a focus of divine kingship, music and epic celestial journeys.

Reference archive
The Cosmic Ocean Reveals Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva, style of Sajnu, Mandi, Panjab Hills, North India, 1835; opaque watercolor and gold on paper, San Diego Museum of Art 1990.136 (source-page catalog metadata).Archival contextRealm

Cosmic geography

Jambudvipa

The central dvipa around Meru in a Puranic cosmic-geography arrangement.

Reference archive
The Cosmic Ocean Reveals Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva, style of Sajnu, Mandi, Panjab Hills, North India, 1835; opaque watercolor and gold on paper, San Diego Museum of Art 1990.136 (source-page catalog metadata).Archival contextRealm

Upper lokas

Janaloka

A higher contemplative realm associated with exalted sages in Puranic cosmology.

Reference archive
The Cosmic Ocean Reveals Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva, style of Sajnu, Mandi, Panjab Hills, North India, 1835; opaque watercolor and gold on paper, San Diego Museum of Art 1990.136 (source-page catalog metadata).Archival contextRealm

Supreme abodes

Kailasa

The divine abode of Shiva and Parvati in Shaiva traditions, distinct from physical Mount Kailash.

Reference archive
The Cosmic Ocean Reveals Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva, style of Sajnu, Mandi, Panjab Hills, North India, 1835; opaque watercolor and gold on paper, San Diego Museum of Art 1990.136 (source-page catalog metadata).Archival contextRealm

Judgement realms

Kalasutra

A named judgement environment in Bhagavata 5.26, distinct from the other Narakas.

Reference archive
The Cosmic Ocean Reveals Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva, style of Sajnu, Mandi, Panjab Hills, North India, 1835; opaque watercolor and gold on paper, San Diego Museum of Art 1990.136 (source-page catalog metadata).Archival contextRealm

Cosmic geography

Krauncha Dvipa

A cosmic dvipa associated with the Krauncha mountain and a surrounding ocean in Puranic geography.

Reference archive